In these rare cases, even an individual with an 'AB' blood type may not be able to receive a transfusion of 'AB' blood. However, in some unusual cases, an individual may be lacking a particular antigen. In most cases, the presence of these other antigens is quite uniform throughout the human population. In addition to the A and B antigens that determine a person's blood type by the ABO system, human blood actually contains hundreds of antigens. Despite the common use of the term "universal receiver" for AB type blood, the name may be somewhat deceiving. Instead of one type dominating the other, and causing the child to be either 'A' or 'B' type, they are both present, to produce 'AB'-type blood. The 'AB' blood type is produced when the alleles, or genetic indicators, of the mother and father are each 'A' and 'B'. However, they can only donate their blood for use by other individuals of the 'AB' blood type. As a result, individuals with the 'AB' blood type may receive transfusions of any kind of blood. The 'AB' blood type, also known as the "universal receiver" blood type, contains both the A and B antigens on the red blood cells, but contains neither A or B antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with 'B' blood type may donate blood for use by patients with either 'B' or 'O' blood types. As in the case of 'A' or 'O'-type blood, an individual with a 'B' blood type may be Rh+ or Rh-, depending on whether there are Rh proteins on the red blood cells. 'B' type blood is characterized by the presence of 'B'-type antigens in the red blood cells and by 'A'-type antibodies in the plasma. (If you have Rh- blood, you can only receive a transfusion of Rh- blood.) Patients with Rh+ blood may receive either Rh+ or Rh- blood, but not vice-versa. With regard to blood transfusions, individuals with 'A' blood type may donate their blood to individuals with 'A' or 'AB' blood types. If this Rh protein is present, the blood is categorized as 'A+'. In addition, the red blood cells of 'A'-type blood may contain Rh proteins on the cell surface. Individuals with the 'A' blood type have the 'B'-type antibody in their blood plasma. These antigens are present in the red blood cells of the 'A'-type blood. The 'A' blood type contains 'A' type agglutinogens, a type of antigen. This distinction refers to the presence or absence of Rh proteins on the red blood cells. 'O'-type blood may be further divided into Rh+ and Rh-, also known as O+ and O. Given the patterns of genetic inheritance that determine blood type, 'O' type blood is relatively uncommon, compared with A or B type blood. Blood type-related complications in blood transfusions may still occur if there is an issue with the 'O' type blood's antibodies. Nonetheless, due to the presence of antibodies in the blood plasma, the term "universal blood type" is now somewhat contested. As a result, this type of blood can be used as an infusion to give to individuals with any blood type. However, there are both A and B antibodies in the blood plasma. The 'O' blood type is also commonly known as the "Universal blood type" or the "universal donor," because it contains neither A nor B antigens on the red blood cells. However, certain blood types cannot be mixed together. Certain blood types can safely be introduced into the circulatory system of individuals with other blood types. With the advent of blood transfusions in medicine, identifying an individual's blood type became critically important. An individual has blood of one of the four eight resulting categories, or "blood types," for the duration of his or her lifetime. However, blood does vary among people in two critical respects: the presence or absence of antigens and the presence or absence of a protein called "Rh factor" on the red blood cells. Blood is essentially the same, from one human being to another it is always composed of red and white blood cells and plasma.
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